# ZX Spectrum Next User Manual, 3rd Edition

> ZX Spectrum Next User Manual, 3rd Edition (ISBN 978-1-5272-5496-1), written by Phoebus R. Dokos, transcribed page by page into Markdown. Copyright © 2020-2024 Phoebus Dokos / SpecNext Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).

The transcription was made by hand from the OCR text of the PDF (https://zxn.gg/zxnmanualrev3) and checked against page images. It is not guaranteed to be free of errors; check any doubt against the printed page.

## URLs

- /documentation/manual/rev3/page/N: PDF page N as HTML (pages 1 to 318)
- /documentation/manual/rev3/page/N.md: PDF page N as Markdown
- /documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/K: all pages of chapter K as HTML
- /documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/K.md: all pages of chapter K as Markdown
- /documentation/manual/rev3/manual.md: the complete edition as one Markdown file
- /api/manual/search?edition=rev3&q=QUERY: search, JSON results with page, heading, URL and a short snippet
- https://zxn.gg/zxnmanualrev3#page=N: the printed page N in the PDF

Page numbers are PDF page numbers.

## Markers

- `<!-- PDF page N -->` starts each page. N is the PDF page number.
- `[?]` marks text that could not be read, or that is missing from the PDF itself.
- `[graphic]` marks a picture, such as a logo in a screenshot, that has no text form.
- `[colour: NAME]` at the start of a table cell gives the colour of that cell, where the colour carries meaning, such as the colour key of the NextREG tables. Anywhere else it is a colour sample printed in the text.
- Tables with merged cells are HTML `<table>` elements with `rowspan` and `colspan`; other tables are Markdown tables.
- Dashes are the dashes of the print; the book sets an en dash (–) in titles, captions, headings and running text.
- Emphasis is as printed: `**bold**`, `*italic*` and `<u>underline</u>`.
- A listing whose text colours the book refers to is an HTML `<pre><code>` block, with each coloured run in `<span data-colour="NAME">`. NAME is a colour name, as for `[colour: NAME]`. Other listings are code blocks.
- A character followed by U+0305 COMBINING OVERLINE is overlined in the book, as in active-low signal names.
- `[^pN-M]` is footnote M, defined on PDF page N.

## Chapters

- [Chapter 1 – Basic Programming Concepts](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/1.md): pages 5 to 15
- [Chapter 2 – Decisions](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/2.md): pages 16 to 20
- [Chapter 3 – Looping](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/3.md): pages 21 to 26
- [Chapter 4 – Procedures and Subroutines](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/4.md): pages 27 to 34
- [Chapter 5 – READ, DATA, RESTORE](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/5.md): pages 35 to 36
- [Chapter 6 – Expressions](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/6.md): pages 37 to 48
- [Chapter 7 – Strings](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/7.md): pages 49 to 51
- [Chapter 8 – Functions](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/8.md): pages 52 to 59
- [Chapter 9 – Mathematical Functions](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/9.md): pages 60 to 63
- [Chapter 10 – Random Numbers](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/10.md): pages 64 to 66
- [Chapter 11 – Arrays](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/11.md): pages 67 to 70
- [Chapter 12 – Conditions](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/12.md): pages 71 to 73
- [Chapter 13 – The Character Set](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/13.md): pages 74 to 80
- [Chapter 14 – More about PRINT and INPUT](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/14.md): pages 81 to 94
- [Chapter 15 – Colours](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/15.md): pages 95 to 112
- [Chapter 16 – Graphics](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/16.md): pages 113 to 120
- [Chapter 17 – Time and Motion](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/17.md): pages 121 to 143
- [Chapter 18 – Sound and Music](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/18.md): pages 144 to 156
- [Chapter 19 – NextZXOS and alternatives](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/19.md): pages 157 to 205
- [Chapter 20 – Channels, Streams, Drivers and Windows](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/20.md): pages 206 to 219
- [Chapter 21 – Optional Features](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/21.md): pages 220 to 228
- [Chapter 22 – IN, OUT and the Next Registers](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/22.md): pages 229 to 246
- [Chapter 23 – The Memory](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/23.md): pages 247 to 270
- [Chapter 24 – The System Variables](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/24.md): pages 271 to 274
- [Chapter 25 – Using Machine Code](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/25.md): pages 275 to 281
- [Appendix A – Character Set, Z80N Mnemonics and Control Codes](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/appendix-a.md): pages 282 to 287
- [Appendix B – Reference](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/appendix-b.md): pages 288 to 296
- [Appendix C – Machine Personalities](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/appendix-c.md): pages 297 to 302
- [Appendix D – The Calculator](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/appendix-d.md): pages 303 to 306
- [Acknowledgements](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/acknowledgements.md): pages 307 to 308
- [Table of Contents](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/table-of-contents.md): pages 309 to 311
- [Index](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/index.md): pages 312 to 316
- [ZX Spectrum Next Home Computer](/documentation/manual/rev3/chapter/zx-spectrum-next-home-computer.md): pages 317 to 318