### BORDER Undoubtedly, you have noticed thus far, that there is an area you cannot write –normally– to, surrounding the area where you can print or draw graphics over. This area is called the BORDER and using standard *NextBASIC* statements you can only change its colour. The statement: **BORDER** colour changes the *border* colour to any of the eight normal colours (not 8 or 9) or colours changed by the **PALETTE** statement we shall explore below in length. ### INVERSE and OVER There are two more statements, **INVERSE** and **OVER**, which, when in an attribute mode, control not the attributes, but the actual graphic data that is printed on the screen. They use the numbers **0** for *off* and **1** for *on* in the same way as **FLASH** and **BRIGHT** do, but those are the only possibilities. If you do **INVERSE 1**, then the graphic data printed will be the inverse of their usual form: paper *pixels* will be replaced by ink *pixels* and vice versa. The statement: **OVER 1** sets into action a particular sort of overprinting. Normally when something is written into a character position it completely obliterates what was there before; but now the new character will simply be added in on top of the old one (but see *Exercise 1*). Note that if the character you're overprinting with has a pixel in the same position with the character you're printing **OVER**, the result will be a blank pixel. In other words, **OVER** is a *XOR* operation. This can be particularly useful for writing composite characters, like letters with accents on them, as in this program to print out German letters – an o with an umlaut above it: ``` 10 OVER 1 20 FOR n=1 TO 32 30 PRINT "o"; CHR$ 8;""""; 40 NEXT n ``` (notice the control character **CHR$ 8** which backs up one space.) ### Using colour control codes The previous example, reminded us of the **PRINT** positioning control codes. We can do exactly the same with colours by using the special colour control codes in a similar manner like the one we explored in *Chapter 14*. The colour control codes are: **CHR$ 16** corresponds to **INK**\ **CHR$ 17** corresponds to **PAPER**\ **CHR$ 18** corresponds to **FLASH**\ **CHR$ 19** corresponds to **BRIGHT**\ **CHR$ 20** corresponds to **INVERSE**\ **CHR$ 21** corresponds to **OVER** These are each followed by one character that shows a colour by its code: so (for instance): ``` PRINT CHR$ 16 + CHR$ 9; ... ``` has the same effect as: