<!-- PDF page 27 -->

## Chapter 4 – Procedures and Subroutines

### Branching

As we already saw, in the course of a program we may need to jump somewhere else inside the program. So far we've seen the **GO TO** keyword that does just that. **GO TO** however has disadvantages: If the code jumped to by **GO TO** needs to be used by some other portion of the program and then return to where it was called, you would need to either introduce complex code to find where the jump came from as to use an appropriate **GO TO** command to return to it or copy the code multiple times to be called individually by each location.

### GO SUB and RETURN

To account for this deficiency, *NextBASIC* has the statements **GO SUB** (**GO** to **SUB**routine) and **RETURN** which are used together. Reusable code called upon multiple times within a program is known as a *subroutine*, and it can be used – or *called* – from anywhere else in the program without having to type it again or remember where the call came from. The call to a subroutine takes the form:

**GO SUB** *n*

where *n* is the line number or label of the first line in the subroutine. It is just like **GO TO** *n* except that the computer remembers where the **GO SUB** statement was so that it can come back again after doing the subroutine. It does this by putting the line number and the statement number within the line (together these constitute the *return address*) on top of a pile of them (the *NextBASIC return stack* – see *Chapter 23* for details):

The command

**RETURN**

takes the top return address off the **GO SUB** stack, and goes to the statement after it. As an example, let's look at the number guessing program again. Retype it as follows:

```
 10 REM A rearranged guessing
    game
 20 INPUT a: CLS
 30 INPUT "Guess the number ",b
 40 IF a=b THEN PRINT
    "Correct": STOP
 50 IF a<b THEN GO SUB 100
 60 IF a>b THEN GO SUB 100
 70 GO TO 30
100  PRINT "Try again"
110 RETURN
```

The **GO TO** statement in line 70 is very important because otherwise the program will run on into the subroutine and cause an error (**7 RETURN without GO SUB**) when the **RETURN** statement is reached.

Here is another rather silly program illustrating the use of **GO SUB**:

```
100 x=10
110 GO SUB 500
120 PRINT s
130 x+=4
```